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All benchmarks

GPQA Diamond

GPQA Diamond is a graduate-level multiple-choice benchmark in biology, physics, and chemistry. Each question is written by a subject-matter expert and designed so that even domain specialists need careful reasoning to identify the correct answer. We run the same fixed question set across provider endpoints to compare model capability, routing, and the practical cost of solving difficult scientific problems.

Last benchmark run Sep 17, 2026, 3:18 PM UTC

PaperGitHub

Which model leads the GPQA Diamond benchmark?

Fugu Ultra leads GPQA Diamond at 94.6% as of Sep 17, 2026, 3:18 PM UTC. The same fixed GPQA Diamond question set and scoring are held fixed across production provider endpoints. The headline row uses default routing where available; otherwise, it uses a representative provider result.

Model comparisonCost efficiencyLeaderboardExample problemsWhy we run itWhat scores tell youMethodologyAPI accessFAQ

Model comparison

Most Accurate

Favicon for sakana
Fugu Ultra

94.6%

Best Value

Favicon for google
Google: Gemini 3.7 Flash

$0.031/question

Fastest

Favicon for google
Google: Gemini 3.6 Flash

60s

Accuracy
Representative-run accuracy, best first.
Cost per question
Average cost per question, cheapest first.
Time per question
Average wall-clock time per question, fastest first.

Cost efficiency

Accuracy vs. cost (Pareto frontier)
One point per model, using default routing (not pinned to a provider) when available. The line is the Pareto frontier: no model beats these on both accuracy and cost.

Leaderboard

Top-level rows use default routing where available; click a row to expand provider-pinned results.

GPQA Diamond leaderboard: model accuracy, cost, time, and output tokens per question by provider
#ModelStd dev
1
Favicon for sakana
Fugu Ultra
Pareto
94.6%--$1.155.5m33.3k
2
Favicon for google
Google: Gemini 3.1 Pro Preview
Pareto
94.4%--$0.202.1m16.7k
3
Favicon for openai
OpenAI: GPT-6 Astra
Pareto
94.4%±0.2pp$0.0993.3m1.77k
4
Favicon for google
Google: Gemini 3.7 Flash
Pareto
94.3%--$0.03168s7.99k
5
Favicon for openai
OpenAI: GPT-5.5
93.8%±0.5pp$0.312.7m10.1k
6
Favicon for openai
OpenAI: GPT-5.6 Sol Pro
93.8%--$0.441.9m11.8k
7
Favicon for sakana
Fugu Ultra V2
93.3%--$0.503.2m13.8k
8
Favicon for x-ai
SpaceXAI: Grok 4.6
93.3%--$0.126.6m20.1k
9
Favicon for google
Google: Gemini 3.6 Flash
92.8%±0.4pp$0.06760s11.7k
10
Favicon for google
Google: Gemini 3.5 Flash
92.8%±0.3pp$0.1480s15.6k
11
Favicon for openai
OpenAI: GPT-5.6 Sol
91.9%±0.5pp$0.07165s3.52k
12
Favicon for moonshotai
MoonshotAI: Kimi K3
91.5%±1.1pp$0.156.5m10.6k
13
Favicon for stealth
Union Alpha
90.9%----2.4m4.57k
14
Favicon for openrouterFavicon for openrouter
Auto Router
Pareto
90.7%--$0.0084.0m23.4k
15
Favicon for minimax
MiniMax: MiniMax M3
90.6%±2.1pp$0.0304.8m24.8k
16
Favicon for openai
OpenAI: GPT-5.4
90.3%±0.1pp$0.151.8m9.66k
17
Favicon for openai
OpenAI: GPT-5.6 Luna Pro
90.3%±0.4pp$0.0442.4m28.1k
18
Favicon for deepseek
DeepSeek: DeepSeek V4.1 Flash
90.2%--$0.0322.7m26.4k
19
Favicon for anthropic
Anthropic: Claude Fable 5.1
90.0%±0.9pp$0.1331s2.32k
20
Favicon for anthropic
Anthropic: Claude Opus 4.8
89.6%±1.5pp$0.201.6m7.81k
21
Favicon for deepseek
DeepSeek: DeepSeek V4 Pro 0813
89.3%±1.8pp$0.139.8m36.3k
22
Favicon for anthropic
Anthropic: Claude Opus 4.7
89.1%±0.8pp$0.221.8m8.63k
23
Favicon for amazon
Amazon: Nova Micro 1.0
89.1%±0.7pp$0.221.8m8.52k
24
Favicon for openai
OpenAI: GPT-5.6 Terra
89.0%±0.6pp$0.03252s3.39k
25
Favicon for sakana
Fugu Max
88.6%--$0.0763.8m12.3k
26
Favicon for deepseek
DeepSeek: DeepSeek V4 Flash Vision Exp
88.4%±0.5pp$0.0224.3m23.8k
27
Favicon for google
Google: Gemini 3 Flash Preview
88.3%±0.1pp$0.134.2m43.9k
28
Favicon for openai
OpenAI: GPT-5.2
OpenAI
87.9%--$0.132.3m9.43k
29
Favicon for openai
OpenAI: GPT-5.6 Luna
Pareto
87.7%±0.7pp$0.00779s8.11k
30
Favicon for anthropic
Anthropic: Claude Opus 5
87.0%±2.1pp$0.1362s4.86k
31
Favicon for deepseek
DeepSeek: DeepSeek V4 Flash 0423
Pareto
86.6%±1.5pp$0.0044.7m16.5k
32
Favicon for anthropic
Anthropic: Claude Opus 4.5
86.5%±0.9pp$0.846.9m33.5k
33
Favicon for thinkingmachines
Thinking Machines: Inkling Small
86.4%±1.0pp$0.0253.7m20.9k
34
Favicon for deepseek
DeepSeek: DeepSeek V4 Pro 0423
86.4%±1.5pp$0.0407.4m21.3k
35
Favicon for openai
OpenAI: GPT-5.1
86.2%±0.5pp$0.224.6m22.2k
36
Favicon for z-ai
Z.ai: GLM 5.3
86.0%±1.8pp$0.1213.9m28.2k
37
Favicon for openai
OpenAI: GPT-5
86.0%--$0.214.5m20.7k
38
Favicon for qwen
Qwen: Qwen3.8 2.4T A95B
86.0%±1.2pp$0.0733.3m11.7k
39
Favicon for qwen
Qwen: Qwen3.5 397B A17B
85.9%±2.3pp$0.0375.0m12.8k
40
Favicon for z-ai
Z.ai: GLM 5.3 Flash
85.8%±1.8pp$0.0098.8m30.4k
41
Favicon for z-ai
Z.ai: GLM 5.2
85.6%±2.7pp$0.0749.6m33.3k
42
Favicon for anthropic
Anthropic: Claude Opus 4.6
85.3%±1.1pp$0.758.2m29.7k
43
Favicon for minimax
MiniMax: MiniMax M2.1
85.2%±1.3pp$0.0172.5m11.4k
44
Favicon for deepseek
DeepSeek: DeepSeek V4 Flash 0731
85.1%±2.6pp$0.0088.4m23.8k
45
Favicon for moonshotai
MoonshotAI: Kimi K2.5
84.9%±3.1pp$0.07213.3m30.9k
46
Favicon for minimax
MiniMax: MiniMax M2.7
84.3%±1.9pp$0.0266.8m21.2k
47
Favicon for xiaomi
Xiaomi: MiMo-V2.5-Pro
84.2%±0.9pp$0.0249.1m25.4k
48
Favicon for minimax
MiniMax: MiniMax M2.5
84.1%±2.2pp$0.0155.3m14.1k
49
Favicon for anthropic
Anthropic: Claude Fable 5
83.8%±4.0pp$0.1743s3.2k
50
Favicon for qwen
Qwen: Qwen3.5-122B-A10B
83.7%±3.5pp$0.0504.1m22.1k
51
Favicon for openai
OpenAI: GPT-5.4 Mini
83.7%±0.7pp$0.0621.5m13.7k
52
Favicon for google
Google: Gemini 3.5 Flash Lite
83.5%±0.0pp$0.03750s14.6k
53
Favicon for google
Google: Gemma 4 31B
83.4%±2.0pp$0.0045.3m9.61k
54
Favicon for moonshotai
MoonshotAI: Kimi K2 Thinking
83.4%±3.4pp$0.0466.7m18.5k
55
Favicon for qwen
Qwen: Qwen3.8 Flash
Makora
83.3%--$0.00434s8.34k
56
Favicon for moonshotai
MoonshotAI: Kimi K2.6
83.3%±3.3pp$0.1111.8m34.3k
57
Favicon for thinkingmachines
Thinking Machines: Inkling
83.2%±0.9pp$0.0985.2m23.9k
58
Favicon for z-ai
Z.ai: GLM 4.7
83.2%±2.6pp$0.0468.2m23.4k
59
Favicon for z-ai
Z.ai: GLM 5.1
82.9%±2.7pp$0.129.2m32.1k
60
Favicon for anthropic
Anthropic: Claude Sonnet 4.5
82.5%±1.5pp$0.324.8m20.9k
61
Favicon for qwen
Qwen: Qwen3.8 27B
82.2%±1.6pp$0.0353.7m13.5k
62
Favicon for nvidia
NVIDIA: Nemotron 3 Ultra
82.2%±2.3pp$0.0834.0m23.8k
63
Favicon for deepseek
DeepSeek: DeepSeek V3.2
82.1%±2.1pp$0.0045.2m10.7k
64
Favicon for qwen
Qwen: Qwen3.5-35B-A3B
81.7%±3.8pp$0.0183.9m16.9k
65
Favicon for moonshotai
MoonshotAI: Kimi K2.7 Code
81.4%±17.3pp$0.0797.7m21.8k
66
Favicon for anthropic
Anthropic: Claude Sonnet 5
81.4%±3.4pp$0.162.7m16k
67
Favicon for xiaomi
Xiaomi: MiMo-V2-Flash
Pareto
81.3%±3.5pp$0.00383s11k
68
Favicon for openrouterFavicon for openrouter
Auto Router (Beta)
81.0%±6.2pp$0.0354.2m31.3k
69
Favicon for qwen
Qwen: Qwen3.6 35B A3B
80.5%±4.2pp$0.0385.9m36.8k
70
Favicon for openai
OpenAI: GPT-5.3 Chat
80.5%--$0.02424s1.63k
71
Favicon for meta
Meta: Muse Glimmer 30B
80.4%±1.6pp$0.0234.7m17.8k
72
Favicon for deepseek
DeepSeek: DeepSeek V3.1 Terminus
80.3%±2.8pp$0.0105.0m10.1k
73
Favicon for google
Google: Gemini 3.1 Flash Lite
80.1%±0.5pp$0.04281s27.6k
74
Favicon for qwen
Qwen: Qwen3.6 27B
80.1%±4.6pp$0.07211.3m28.3k
75
Favicon for qwen
Qwen: Qwen3 235B A22B Thinking 2507
80.0%±3.3pp$0.0295.9m14.7k
76
Favicon for google
Google: Gemini 2.5 Pro
79.9%±1.1pp$0.253.8m25.4k
77
Favicon for openai
OpenAI: GPT-5.2 Chat
OpenAI
79.8%--$0.03633s2.48k
78
Favicon for openai
OpenAI: GPT-5 Mini
79.6%±0.8pp$0.0444.2m22.1k
79
Favicon for deepseek
DeepSeek: DeepSeek V3.1
79.3%±3.6pp$0.0105.2m9.7k
80
Favicon for deepseek
DeepSeek: R1 0528
78.9%±1.3pp$0.03510.7m15.9k
81
Favicon for deepseek
DeepSeek: DeepSeek V3.2 Exp
78.9%±3.2pp$0.0047.9m10.5k
82
Favicon for z-ai
Z.ai: GLM 5
78.6%±6.0pp$0.0719.0m31.7k
83
Favicon for z-ai
Z.ai: GLM 4.6
78.6%±4.2pp$0.0369.8m18.8k
84
Favicon for openai
OpenAI: GPT-5.4 Nano
77.9%±0.2pp$0.01370s10.4k
85
Favicon for qwen
Qwen: Qwen3.5-9B
77.9%±2.4pp$0.00510.4m32.8k
86
Favicon for anthropic
Anthropic: Claude Sonnet 4
76.7%±1.9pp$0.273.0m17.6k
87
Favicon for xiaomi
Xiaomi: MiMo-V2.5
76.7%±5.4pp$0.01011.7m31.6k
88
Favicon for stepfun
StepFun: Step 3.7 Flash
76.6%--$0.0807.1m69.8k
89
Favicon for moonshotai
MoonshotAI: Kimi K2 0905
75.9%±1.8pp$0.0101.8m3.67k
90
Favicon for mistralai
Mistral: Mistral Small 4
75.8%--$0.0152.9m24k
91
Favicon for openai
OpenAI: gpt-oss-120b
74.9%±2.9pp$0.0073.0m14.3k
92
Favicon for qwen
Qwen: Qwen3 Coder Next
74.6%±1.3pp$0.01077s9.88k
93
Favicon for qwen
Qwen: Qwen3 235B A22B Instruct 2507
74.4%±2.1pp$0.0042.7m5.6k
94
Favicon for google
Google: Gemma 4 26B A4B
73.9%±4.0pp$0.0087.6m21.8k
95
Favicon for inclusionai
inclusionAI: Ling 3.0 Flash
Pareto
73.0%--$0.0033.3m31.4k
96
Favicon for google
Google: Gemini 2.5 Flash
72.7%±0.5pp$0.0592.0m23.5k
97
Favicon for anthropic
Anthropic: Claude Haiku 4.5
72.4%±0.8pp$0.194.0m38k
98
Favicon for openai
OpenAI: GPT-5 Nano
70.9%--$0.0133.7m33.1k
99
Favicon for qwen
Qwen: Qwen3 Next 80B A3B Instruct
70.7%±2.0pp$0.00774s6.88k
100
Favicon for qwen
Qwen: Qwen3 VL 235B A22B Instruct
70.5%±1.8pp$0.0062.7m4.32k
101
Favicon for google
Gemma 4 26B A4B IT (free)
Darkbloom
68.5%----6.4m6.99k
102
Favicon for nvidia
NVIDIA: Nemotron 3.5 Lightning
67.8%±1.9pp$0.0115.4m45.1k
103
Favicon for openai
OpenAI: gpt-oss-20b
66.5%±2.7pp$0.0066.4m34.3k
104
Favicon for meta-llama
Meta: Llama 4 Maverick
Pareto
65.7%±1.3pp$0.00261s2.3k
105
Favicon for qwen
Qwen: Qwen3 VL 30B A3B Instruct
64.9%±2.0pp$0.0063.0m9.62k
106
Favicon for openai
OpenAI: GPT-4.1
64.9%±1.6pp$0.01614s1.77k
107
Favicon for z-ai
Z.ai: GLM 4.5 Air
64.7%±6.9pp$0.0135.6m14.8k
108
Favicon for openai
OpenAI: GPT-4.1 Mini
64.1%±0.2pp$0.00431s2.32k
109
Favicon for qwen
Qwen: Qwen3 30B A3B Instruct 2507
Pareto
63.8%±2.0pp$0.00178s5.05k
110
Favicon for nvidia
NVIDIA: Nemotron 3 Nano 30B A3B
61.6%±3.5pp$0.0138.8m63.8k
111
Favicon for qwen
Qwen: Qwen3 Coder 480B A35B
61.2%±3.1pp$0.00232s1.3k
112
Favicon for qwen
Qwen: Qwen3 32B
61.2%±1.8pp$0.0053.4m11.1k
113
Favicon for qwen
Qwen: Qwen3 30B A3B
61.2%±2.2pp$0.0042.8m8.13k
114
Favicon for deepseek
DeepSeek: DeepSeek V3
60.9%--$0.00274s2.21k
115
Favicon for qwen
Qwen: Qwen3 14B
59.4%--$0.0038.5m11k
116
Favicon for deepseek
DeepSeek: DeepSeek V3 0324
57.7%±11.5pp$0.00261s1.86k
117
Favicon for google
Google: Gemini 2.5 Flash Lite
55.0%±0.8pp$0.0172.1m42.5k
118
Favicon for anthropic
Anthropic: Claude Sonnet 4.6
54.3%±0.6pp$0.6110.5m40.6k
119
Favicon for qwen
Qwen: Qwen3 Coder 30B A3B Instruct
52.0%±0.2pp$0.0041.5m2.72k
120
Favicon for openai
OpenAI: GPT-4o (2024-08-06)
51.7%--$0.01817s1.63k
121
Favicon for qwen
Qwen: Qwen3 VL 8B Instruct
51.6%±1.8pp$0.0042.0m8.09k
122
Favicon for z-ai
Z.ai: GLM 4.7 Flash
51.6%±4.0pp$0.0096.3m22.2k
123
Favicon for openai
OpenAI: GPT-4.1 Nano
Pareto
50.9%±0.9pp$0.0008220s1.86k
124
Favicon for openai
OpenAI: GPT-4o (2024-05-13)
50.7%--$0.02411s1.32k
125
Favicon for openai
OpenAI: GPT-4o
50.3%±0.8pp$0.01313s1.13k
126
Favicon for meta-llama
Meta: Llama 3.3 70B Instruct
Pareto
49.1%±2.4pp$0.0008242s1.44k
127
Favicon for qwen
Qwen2.5 72B Instruct
DeepInfra
44.6%--$0.000981.5m1.76k
128
Favicon for qwen
Qwen: Qwen2.5 VL 72B Instruct
44.4%±1.5pp$0.00259s1.59k
129
Favicon for openai
OpenAI: GPT-4o-mini
43.4%±0.9pp$0.00121s1.49k
130
Favicon for qwen
Qwen: Qwen2.5 7B Instruct
Pareto
32.8%--$0.0005336s2.04k
131
Favicon for mistralai
Mistral: Mistral Nemo
Pareto
31.6%±2.1pp$0.0000848s363
132
Favicon for meta-llama
Meta: Llama 3.1 8B Instruct
28.9%±2.8pp$0.0006553s8.15k
133
Favicon for sao10k
Sao10K: Llama 3 8B Lunaris
Pareto
26.9%±0.7pp$0.0000639s592
134
Favicon for inclusionai
inclusionAI: Ling 3.0 Flash Fin
DeepInfra
19.7%--$0.01941.6m106k
135
Favicon for meta-llama
Meta: Llama 3.2 3B Instruct
11.6%--$0.0001530s1.84k
136
Favicon for google
Google: Nano Banana 2 Lite (Gemini 3.1 Flash Lite Image)
10.3%--$0.01822s11.8k

Example problems

GPQA uses four-choice questions that require more than recalling a definition. These representative examples show the format and the range of scientific domains without reproducing items from the benchmark's protected question pool.

Biology

A researcher observes that a membrane protein is synthesized on ribosomes attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Which destination is most consistent with this protein entering the secretory pathway?

  1. A.The cytosol, where it remains soluble
  2. B.The nucleus, after import through a nuclear pore
  3. C.A membrane of the endomembrane system or the cell surface
  4. D.The mitochondrial matrix through a TOM/TIM complex

Answer: C

Ribosomes on the rough ER synthesize proteins destined for secretion or insertion into the endomembrane system, including the plasma membrane.

Physics

A spacecraft is far from other bodies and fires its engine in the direction opposite to its velocity. Ignoring mass loss during the brief burn, what happens immediately to its speed?

  1. A.It increases because the exhaust carries away backward momentum
  2. B.It decreases because the thrust points opposite to its velocity
  3. C.It remains unchanged because thrust only changes direction
  4. D.It becomes zero because the spacecraft is in free space

Answer: B

An impulse opposite the velocity vector reduces the spacecraft’s momentum and therefore its speed during the burn.

Chemistry

Why does adding a small amount of a common ion generally reduce the solubility of a sparingly soluble ionic solid in water?

  1. A.The common ion increases the solid’s lattice energy
  2. B.The common ion shifts the dissolution equilibrium toward the solid
  3. C.The common ion converts every dissolved ion into a neutral molecule
  4. D.The common ion removes solvent molecules from the solution

Answer: B

The added ion raises the concentration of a dissolution product, so Le Chatelier’s principle shifts the equilibrium toward the undissolved solid.

Why we run this benchmark

GPQA is a broad graduate-level reasoning test across biology, physics, and chemistry, so it gives us a cheap, high-floor signal that a deployment is healthy. A model that normally clears these questions but suddenly drops usually points to something broken in the endpoint or routing rather than the questions themselves.

Because we run the same fixed question set across provider endpoints, a large accuracy gap between providers serving the same model is a quick way to catch a misconfigured or degraded endpoint. The cost and latency columns show what that reasoning quality costs to serve.

What the scores can and can't tell you

GPQA is a narrow, high-difficulty evaluation, not a complete measure of general intelligence or usefulness. A score reflects performance on expert-written multiple-choice science questions and should be considered alongside coding, instruction-following, factuality, and other evaluations.

Scores can be sensitive to sampling settings, answer-position handling, and the number of repeated runs. Small differences may not be meaningful when models have similar sample counts, so the leaderboard includes run variability and cost context rather than presenting accuracy alone.

The benchmark is publicly described, and some questions may eventually appear in training data. We avoid reproducing the private question pool here, but no public benchmark can guarantee that every future evaluation item is uncontaminated.

Methodology

Scores aggregate successful runs, weighted by question count, with a minimum sample threshold per model-provider pair. A model's headline score uses default routing when available; otherwise it falls back to the median provider. Cost, time, and output-token figures are per-question averages from the same runs. Best value is the cheapest Pareto-optimal model within five percentage points of the top score.

GPQA Diamond is described in the original paper. See the docs for routing details, or browse all models to try one.

API access

These scores are available through OpenRouter's public benchmarks API, so you can retrieve the same model-level results programmatically.

GET https://openrouter.ai/api/v1/benchmarks?source=openrouter
Authorization: Bearer <API key>

Use task_type=intelligence to filter to gpqa_diamond. Each item represents one model and includes accuracy, accuracy_stddev, avg_cost_per_task, total_tasks, and last_run_timestamp. See the benchmarks API docs.

Frequently asked questions

GPQA Diamond is a graduate-level multiple-choice benchmark in biology, physics, and chemistry. Each question is written by a subject-matter expert and designed so that even domain specialists need careful reasoning to identify the correct answer.

Every model answers the same fixed question set through real provider endpoints, and results are aggregated across repeated runs. A model’s headline score is a single representative result rather than its best-performing provider, and the cost, time, and output-token figures are per-question averages from those same runs.

Every run goes to a real provider endpoint, so provider behavior is part of the measurement. A large accuracy gap between providers serving the same model usually points to a misconfigured or degraded endpoint rather than to the questions.

Yes. The public benchmarks API returns the same model-level results from GET https://openrouter.ai/api/v1/benchmarks?source=openrouter with an API key. Filter with task_type=intelligence to reach gpqa_diamond.

It is a narrow, high-difficulty evaluation rather than a measure of general usefulness. Scores are sensitive to sampling settings, answer-position handling, and the number of repeated runs, so small differences between models with similar sample counts may not be meaningful.